What Were the Most Popular Roman Wines

Ancient Romans regularly enjoyed wine (vinum) of fine, aged vintage, or cheap and new—depending on the consumers finances. It wasnt only grapes and the land on which they grew that imparted their flavor to the wine. The containers and metals with which the acidic beverage came in contact also affected the taste. The wine was usually mixed with water (to reduce potency), and any number of other ingredients, to alter the acidity or improve clarity. Some wines, such as Falernian were higher in alcohol content than others. There is now no wine known that ranks higher than the Falernian; it is the only one, too, among all the wines that takes fire on the application of flame.—Pliny From Grapes to Inspiration Men, naked on bottom except for a subligaculum  (a type of Roman underwear or loincloth), stomped on ripe grapes harvested into a shallow vat. Then they put the grapes through a special wine press (torculum) to extract all remaining juice. The result of the stomp and press was an unfermented, sweet grape juice, called mustum, and solid particles that were strained out. Mustum could be used as is, combined with other ingredients, or processed further (fermented in buried jars) to produce wine fine enough to inspire poets or to add the gift of Bacchus to feasts. Doctors recommended certain varieties of wine as wholesome and prescribed some varieties as part of their healing therapies. Strabo and the Choicest Wines There was great variety in the quality of the wine, depending on factors like aging and cultivation. The Caecuban Plain borders on the Gulf of Caietas; and next to the plain comes Fundi, situated on the Appian Way. All these places produce exceedingly good wine; indeed, the Caecuban and the Fundanian and the Setinian belong to the class of wines that are widely famed, as is the case with the Falernian and the Alban and the Statanian.—Lacus Curtius Strabo Caecubum—from poplar swamps by the Gulf of Amyclae, in Latium. The best Roman wine, but it was no longer superior by the time of the elder Pliny.Setinum—hills of Setia, above the Appian forum. A wine Augustus is said to have enjoyed, the top wine from the time of Augustus.Falernum—from the slopes of Mt. Falernus on the border between Latium and Campania, from the Aminean grape. Falernum is usually cited as the best Roman wine. It was a white wine that was aged 10-20 years until it was amber-colored. Subdivided into:CaucinianFaustian (best)Falernian.Albanum—wines from the Alban Hills kept for 15 years; Surrentinum (kept for 25 years), Massicum from Campania, Gauranum, from the ridge above Baiae and Puteoli, Calenum from Cales, and Fundanum from Fundi were next best.Veliterninum—from Velitrae, Privernatinum from Privernum, and Signinum from Signia -- Volscian wines were next best.Formianum—from the Gulf of Caieta.Mamertinum (Potalanum)—f rom Messana.Rhaeticum—from Verona (Augustus favorite, according to Suetonius)Mulsum—not a variety, but any wine sweetened with honey (or must), mixed in just before drinking, referred to as an aperitif.Conditura—like mulsum, not a variety; wine mixed with herbs and spices:   The principal substances employed as conditurae were, 1. sea-water; 2. turpentine, either pure, or in the form of pitch (pix), tar (pix liquida), or resin (resina). 3. Lime, in the form of gypsum, burnt marble, or calcined shells. 4. Inspissated must. 5. Aromatic herbs, spices, and gums; and these were used either singly, or cooked up into a great variety of complicated confections.—Wine in the Roman World Sources Wine and RomeWine in the Roman WorldMartials Christmas Winelist, by T. J. Leary;  Greece Rome  (Apr. 1999), pp. 34-41.Vinum Opimianum, by Harry C. Schnur;  The Classical Weekly  (Mar. 4, 1957), pp. 122-123.Wine and Wealth in Ancient Italy, by N. Purcell;  The Journal of Roman Studies  (1985), pp. 1-19.14th book of  Plinys Natural History12th book of Columella2d book of  Virgil or Vergils GeorgicsGalenAthenaeusMartial,  Horace,  Juvenal, Petronius

General Education Requirement For Psch 270 - 1410 Words

Name:_____________________________________ GENERAL EDUCATION ASSESSMENT PAPER PSCH 270 / Dassoff / Spring 2016 This assessment meets, in part, UIC’s general education requirement for Psch 270. Type out your answers on this document and print it out, or print out the document and write out the answers in legible handwriting. In either case, limit your answers to the space provided only (i.e., not on the back of the pages, etc.). NOTE: When defining concepts, do not use a word to define itself, as that does not show your understanding of the concept, e.g., do not use â€Å"personal† or â€Å"distress† to define â€Å"personal distress.† The assignment is due in class on Tuesday, 4/12. (24 pts. maximum) A. Defining Abnormal For each of the 3†¦show more content†¦Disorder: Social Anxiety Disorder Because: Some behaviors that are allowed in Western culture might be inappropriate in Eastern culture. Therefore, clinical psychologists should be aware of different sociocultural factors when diagnosing the abnormality of one’s behavior because, for instance, inability to expressing thoughts and feelings might not be solely because of anxiety, and certain behaviors might be common in other culture. b. Personal distress: Personal distress is an unreasonable emotional reaction to certain conditions or behaviors such as anxiety, discomfort, and depression. This should remain even after the removal of the triggers. Disorder: Major Depression Because: People with major depression feel down and sad or irritable persistently even under different conditions, and they do not know why they experience these feelings. They sometimes feel indifferent towards everything, which also can be regarded as personal distress. c. Maladaptive: Maladaptive behaviors cause emotional distress, impairment in daily functioning, and health related issues. Disorder: Bulimia Nervosa Because: The symptoms of bulimia nervosa create health problems like tooth damage and further interferes daily functioning, for instance, avoiding others to binge. People with BN also experience high level of anxiety of being overweight. B. Application Each of

Analysis Of The Book The Ghost - 2676 Words

(Enter the Villan) Here she comes, dressed all in blue, from head to toe. She walks purposefully, her long formal robe swishing against the floor as she stalks towards me. She looks elegant and cold, but the menacing grin upon her face betrays her zeal. I catch a glimpse of the lightning in her forest green eyes as she lurches forwards. I reel backwards, terrified of her ability to skewer my whole world. My thoughts whirl around as I tumble ceaselessly. That face is unmistakable, the foul witch of Hal’edon. It’s just a dream. Woken up from my restful slumber, I relive that nightmare. She s the ghost, the apparition, the questionable spirit that haunts me both when I m asleep and awake. I stumble out of bed, grabbing a nearby torch, and wiping the sleep from my face. My castle is silent and damp tonight. Nearly too quiet for my own comfort. I still feel unsettled, as the thought of an attack runs rampant in my head. I try to calm myself by pacing around my bed, but the rug is ever so slightly damp from the humidity, and it makes the soles of my feet feel sticky. Listening for any noises, I try to be reassuring. There is no one in the house. There aren t any noises in the house that would suggest people present. I am safe. Suddenly the sound of small footsteps are audible from what I discern to be the cellar. Gathering my courage, I carefully exit my room, and round the corner, my hand sliding across the cool, rough stone wall. Tip toeing down the oldShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Ghost Map 1864 Words   |  8 Pages The book review of Steven Johnson s The Ghost Map The story of London s Most Terrifying Epidemic- And How It Changed Science, Cities, and the Modern World Published by the Penguin Group (USA) Riverhead Books, New York, 2006. 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Aspergers Syndrome Essay Example For Students

Asperger?s Syndrome Essay Aspergers Syndrome Today there are many different types of disabilities and syndromes. When you have a child to be diagnosed with a disability or a syndrome life can suddenly become overwhelming. This is especially true if they have been diagnosed with Aspergers Syndrome. Parents sometimes feel guilty because their child has a disability or syndrome. Parents may feel that they are responsible for their childs disability or syndrome. Parents may feel guilty about their child being diagnosed with Aspergers syndrome since it is a neurological disorder. This particular syndrome is not widely recognized by the general public. Since Aspergers Syndrome is not widely recognized by the general public, the public sometimes may not understand the behavior of someone who has Aspergers Syndrome. This can be a challenge for a parent who tries to explain their childs behavior to someone who has never heard of Aspergers. Parents until recently may have known their child was behaving in an unusual ma nner but did not where to go for help. These are just some of the challenges that parents face when their child has Aspergers because it has some of the same characteristics as Autism. This paper will review the definition and characteristics of Aspergers Syndrome, what assessments are available to diagnose Aspergers Syndrome, and what particular children are most often diagnosed with Aspergers Syndrome. Aspergers Syndrome was not made an official disorder until 1994. Aspergers was discovered by Hans Asperger in the 1940s. Aspergers Syndrome is different from autism and is under the category of Pervasive Developmental Disorders. Asperger has a long definition. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV of the American Psychiatric Association (cited in Klin ; Volkmar, 1995) Aspergers syndrome follows the same format as autism. The definition of Aspergers syndrome actually uses autism as a reference point. Aspergers syndrome involves the absences of some abnormalities in certain areas of functioning that are affected in autism. People with Aspergers can be highly intelligent. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV of the American Psychiatric Association (citied in Klin ; Volkmar, 1995) the definition of Asperger Syndrome there is a qualitative impairment in social interaction. There should be at least two of the following impairments in social interaction: a m arked impairment in multiple nonverbal behaviors such as eye contact, facial expressions, body postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction. A failure to develop peer relationships. A failure to spontaneously seek and share enjoyment, interest or achievement with others. Also a lack of social or emotional reciprocity, to exchange with others. Another area affected is behavior they may have restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, as Manifested by at least one of the following: (1) encompassing preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest that is abnormal either in intensity or focus, (2) unable to change or stick to nonfunctional routines or rituals. (3) repetitive motor mannerisms and (4) persistent preoccupation with parts of objects. Also Aspergers has no clinically significant delay in language, cognitive development, or in adaptive behavior. There is still uncertainty in diagnosing someone with Asperger because of the similarities in high functioning autism and Asperger. According to Attwood (1998) there can be two stages to identifying Asperger. The first stage is to use a rating scale that involves both parents and teachers. There are two new rating scales one developed in Sweden and the other was developed in Australia (Attwood 1998). The second stage is to have a diagnostic assessment done by an experienced clinician in the behaviors and abilities of children with developmental disorders, using established criteria that gives a clear description of the syndrome (Attwood 1998). According to Attwood (1998) there is no universal agreement as to which diagnostic criteria to use. At the present time clinicians can use four sets of criteria. According to Rubin and Laurent (2004) there is a curriculum-based assessment called SCERTS Model. The SCERTS Model was designed to provide a specific purpose for educational planning ( Rubin and Laurent, 2004). Because there are no universal diagnostic criteria and finding an experienced clinician who specializes in Asperger it can be a challenge for parents to get the right diagnoses for their child. According to Tsatsanis, Foley, and Donehower (2004), there has been greater interest in achieving an understanding for the needs of children with Asperger syndrome. Due to the fact there has been a greater interest in Asperger syndrome there might finally be a universal diagnostic criterion. .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b , .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b .postImageUrl , .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b , .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b:hover , .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b:visited , .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b:active { border:0!important; } .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b:active , .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u29655d3465befbd0fa52ef0b14d93e0b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: America's Culture EssayAspergers syndrome is a relatively new term for parents and school systmes. In the past it was rare to have a child diagnosed with Aspergers syndrome or even autism. Since Asperger has become an official disorder there have been more children diagnosed with this disorder. School systems can encounter several children with this disorder. According to Attwood (1998), boys are referred more for diagnostic assessment than girls. According to Ehlers and Gillberg (cited in Attwood, 1998) the evidence indicates the boy to girl ratio is 4:1, which is the same ratio with autism. At the present time there has been no research to investigate why boys are referr ed more for diagnostic testing than girls. Aspergers is such a relatively new term parents and school systems need to be educated on this disorder. People with this disorder can be highly intelligent but have odd behaviors. We as educators need to understand the behaviors of children with Aspergers Syndrome so they will not get left behind in the classroom. With on going research maybe in the future there will be one diagnostic test that all clinicians can use to properly identify someone with Aspergers Syndrome. When a child is labeled with Aspergers Syndrome remember this child can be highly intelligent but with some odd social behaviors. ReferencesAttwood, T. (1998). Aspergers syndrome: A guide for parents and professionals. New York: Jessica Kingsley. Klin, A., ; Volkmar F. R. (1995). Aspergers syndrome: Guidelines for assessment and diagnosis. January 22,2005 from http://www.aspennj.org/guide.htmlRubin, E. Laurent, A. C. (2004). Implementing a curriculum-based assessment to prioritize learning objectives in asperger syndrome and high functioning autism. Topics in Language Disorders, 24(2),298-315. Tsatsanis, K. D., Foley, C., Donehower, C. (2004). Contemporary outcome research and programming guidelines forasperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. Topics in Language Disorders, 24(2), 249-259.